Simply spending time outdoors could prevent myopia in kids

As many as 30% of children and teenagers across the world were nearsighted in 2023, a new study has revealed. Dr Pavan Verkicharla, a scientist and consultant optometrist at the L V Prasad Eye Institute in Hyderabad who has studied myopia extensively, spoke to Mini P Thomas on how to prevent and treat it

There has been a significant increase in the number of school children in India who require corrective eyeglasses, especially after the pandemic. What has caused this?
Myopia is a multifactorial condition. While genetics play a role — with children of two myopic parents having a 40% to 50% higher risk of developing myopia compared to those with non-myopic parents — the recent surge in cases is primarily due to changes in lifestyle and environment. The modern indoor-centric lifestyle, coupled with a strong emphasis on academic excellence, has led to a significant reduction in outdoor time and sunlight exposure for children. Additionally, the increased use of digital devices has resulted in prolonged periods of near work (activities like reading, writing, watching TV and playing videogames), which is known to be associated with the development of myopia.

Is there a notable difference in the occurrence of myopia when it comes to urban and rural children?
The national average ranges from 15% to 20%. In cities and towns, the prevalence of myopia is significantly higher, with 25% to 30% of individuals affected. Rural areas have a much lower prevalence, ranging from 4% to 8%. This highlights the impact of lifestyle and environmental factors on the development of myopia. Researchers predict that by the year 2050, the prevalence of myopia among children residing in urban areas of India will reach alarming levels, with an estimated one in two children expected to be myopic. This projection underscores the need for effective interventions and public health measures.

What are the treatment options available for myopia? Why is it important to treat it?

Untreated myopia can lead to potential complications and damage to the retina, resulting in vision problems. Around 4% of children with myopia are likely to have some sort of retinal complications. However, there are several treatment options available to control the progression of myopia. Spectacles are a common treatment for myopia, but regular spectacles may not be effective if the child’s myopia is progressing. In such cases, it is important to consult with a medical practitioner about myopia control spectacles such as peripheral defocus spectacles or bifocal spectacles. Contact lenses also offer multiple myopia control options. Multifocal soft contact lenses and nighttime wear contact lenses called orthokeratology are another option.

Eye drops, particularly various concentrations of atropine, are widely used to control the progression of myopia. Looking to the future, light therapy is also being explored as a potential treatment. As new therapies continue to evolve, treating myopia is becoming easier.

What are some of the simple lifestyle modifications that children can incorporate into their daily routines to improve their vision and eye health?
Some of these lifestyle changes can be as simple as spending more time outdoors, ideally around an hour per day. One key factor is the significant difference in light levels between outdoor and indoor environments. The light levels outdoors are at least 8-10 times higher and brighter than artificial light indoors. This increased brightness is believed to play a crucial role in regulating eye growth and development. Spending time outdoors allows the eyes to relax and experience less stress compared to activities such as reading or writing. This relaxed state may help prevent the onset or progression of myopia. Additionally, some studies have reported that an exposure to bright lights triggers the release of neurotransmitters like dopamine in the retina, which may also contribute to the protective effects against myopia.

Taking a breather from screens is also essential. When indoors, it is crucial to maintain an appropriate distance and have proper lighting while reading or writing. Keep the reading material at least an arm’s length away and maintain a good posture. By implementing these straightforward measures, parents can play an active role in preventing and managing myopia in their children.

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